70年来的来华留学发展
The development of studying in China in the past 70 years
一直以来，来华留学生培养都是服务国家战略、经济发展和教育改革的一个重要抓手。自 1950 年 12 月，清华大学接收首批外国留学生算起，新中国的来华留学发展史，已经走过了七十多个年头。在二十世纪八十年代中期，随着中国改革开放的逐步深化，高等教育国际交流与合作不断发展，来华留学生特别是自费留学生逐年增多，其国别和类别也更加丰富。 近几年来，我国在来华留学领域取得的成绩颇为显著。不过，问题与成绩并存。我国的来华留学事业仍然存在着发展不平衡、留学生结构不合理等诸多问题。来华留学生多集中于北京、上海、浙江等省（市）的重点院校，留学生中学历生比例低，生源渠道单一，学生主攻专业多集中于中文等文学专业上。中国高等教育国际化的路，还很长。
The training of international students in China has always been an important starting point for serving national strategies, economic development and educational reform. Since the first batch of foreign students accepted by Tsinghua University in December 1950, the development history of studying in China in New China has gone through more than 70 years. In the mid-1980s, with the gradual deepening of China’s reform and opening up, international exchanges and cooperation in higher education continued to develop, and the number of international students studying in China, especially self-funded students, increased year by year, and their countries and categories became more diverse. In recent years, my country has made remarkable achievements in the field of studying in China. However, problems and achievements coexist. There are still many problems such as unbalanced development and unreasonable structure of international students in my country’s study in China. Most of the international students coming to China are concentrated in key colleges and universities in Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other provinces (cities). The proportion of international students with secondary education is low, the source of students is single, and the majors of students are mostly concentrated in Chinese and other literature majors. There is still a long way to go for the internationalization of China’s higher education.
回顾来华留学的发展史，不难发现，来华留学生的规模正在稳步增长，生源结构也在不断优化。七十多年来，中国吸引来华留学生的数量呈几何式增长，范围也从亚非拉等第三世界友好国家向全世界各个国家辐射。同时，有资格接收外国留学生的高等院校数量不断增加，院校开设专业、教学管理亦不断优化，培养模式也从汉语进修班扩展到涵盖本、硕、博所有阶段。
Looking back on the development history of studying in China, it is not difficult to find that the scale of international students studying in China is growing steadily, and the structure of student sources is constantly being optimized. For more than 70 years, the number of Chinese students studying in China has grown exponentially, and the scope has also radiated from third world friendly countries such as Asia, Africa and Latin America to countries around the world. At the same time, the number of colleges and universities that are qualified to accept foreign students has been increasing, and the majors and teaching management of colleges and universities have been continuously optimized.
中国作为世界第二大经济体，在全球国际学生流动中的角色和地位越来越重要。改革开放 30 多年来，中国社会经济持续快速发展，教育国际交流与合作不断深化，尤其是加入世界贸易组织以来，中国开始全面、广泛、深入地参与全球经济活动下的资金、技术、信息、资源等要素的流动，也推动了包括国际学生在内的人才双向交流和流动。
As the world’s second largest economy, China’s role and status in the global flow of international students is becoming more and more important. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China’s social economy has continued to develop rapidly, and international exchanges and cooperation in education have continued to deepen. Especially since joining the World Trade Organization, China has begun to fully, extensively and deeply participate in global economic activities in terms of capital, technology, information, and resources. The flow of such elements also promotes the two-way exchange and flow of talents including international students.
政策助力来华留学
Policies to help study in China
中国是世界上最大的留学生生源国，2015 年在世界各国就读的中国学生数量超过 126 万，当年出国留学的学生人数近 50 万。与此同时，随着中国综合实力的提升，各国青年对来华留学价值的认识不断更新，期待不断上升，加之中国政府积极、开放的来华留学政策，以及《留学中国计划》的全面实施，来华留学发展迅速，已进入规模与质量并重、速度与效益并举的良性发展轨道。
China is the largest source of international students in the world. In 2015, the number of Chinese students studying in various countries in the world exceeded 1.26 million, and the number of students studying abroad that year was nearly 500,000. At the same time, with the improvement of China’s comprehensive strength, young people from all over the world have constantly updated their understanding of the value of studying in China, and their expectations have continued to rise. Coupled with the active and open policy of the Chinese government to study in China, and the full implementation of the “Study in China Plan”, Studying in China has developed rapidly, and has entered a healthy development track with equal emphasis on scale and quality, speed and efficiency.
来华留学事业的蓬勃发展，离不开中国近二三十年经济的高速增长。随着国家经济的发展，也带动了人文跟教育上的交流。因为必须有了人文的交流机制，国家、经济、所有东西才会被别人所认可。
The vigorous development of studying in China is inseparable from the rapid economic growth of China in the past two or three decades. With the development of the country’s economy, it has also led to the exchanges in humanities and education. Because there must be a people-to-people exchange mechanism, the country, the economy, and everything will be recognized by others.
除此之外，世界范围内汉语的推广、孔子学院的落成，给外国人了解中国提供了一个很好的途径。配合宣传，中国上至政府，下到各个大学，都很重视来华留学生的教育工作。来华留学生教育现在各个大学都是遍地开花，而且这种现象绝对不是以经济杠杆来衡量的。来的外国留学生多了，交流多了，学校的国际化指标就会提高，最终会给大学的学科发展和国际化事业带来更多的实际利益。
In addition, the promotion of Chinese language around the world and the establishment of Confucius Institutes have provided a good way for foreigners to understand China. In cooperation with the propaganda, China, from the government to the universities, attaches great importance to the education of international students in China. Education for international students in China is now blooming in various universities, and this phenomenon is definitely not measured by economic leverage. With more foreign students coming and more exchanges, the school’s internationalization index will increase, which will ultimately bring more practical benefits to the university’s disciplinary development and internationalization.
来华留学生：迈过语言这道坎
International students in China: Overcoming the language barrier
选择来中国读书的留学生，有相当大的比例是受到中国文化的吸引。很多来华留学的同学说，他们都对中国文化很感兴趣。刚来的时候可能只是被中国的文化吸引。但来到中国之后会发现吸引他们的地方越来越多。在他们看来，中国就是这样，在这儿生活的时间越长越觉得很有意思，不想离开。
A considerable proportion of international students who choose to study in China are attracted by Chinese culture. Many students who come to study in China say that they are very interested in Chinese culture. When I first came, I might just be attracted by Chinese culture. But after coming to China, they will find more and more places that attract them. In their opinion, China is like this. The longer they live here, the more interesting they feel, and they don’t want to leave.
相比之下，同样因为对中国文化的喜爱而选择来中国读书的其他同学因为来华准备的时间相对较短，可能需要度过一个相对较长的适应期。语言一直是外国留学生来中国读书的一大障碍。为了克服这一障碍，国内的大学设置了一年的预科课程，招收学生会先对其进行汉语培训，语言过关之后再对学生进行专业课程的培养。
In contrast, other students who also choose to study in China because of their love for Chinese culture may need to go through a relatively long adaptation period because they have a relatively short preparation time in China. Language has always been a major obstacle for foreign students to study in China. In order to overcome this obstacle, domestic universities set up a one-year preparatory course, recruiting students will first give them Chinese training, and then train students in professional courses after passing the language test.
中国教育改革与发展的大势所趋
The general trend of education reform and development in China
来华留学生群体是中国教育国际化大背景下的一个重要存在。而教育的国际化，又是经济全球化的必然产物。在经济全球化的迅勐发展的今天，人力资源和物质资源在世界范围内的跨国、跨地区流动成为新常态。这种资源的流动如今也已经渗透到了教育领域，包括教育要素自发地在国际间流动，教育资源自发地寻求优化配置，世界各国间的教育交流日益频繁，竞争更加激烈，形成了教育国际化的大趋势。
The group of international students in China is an important existence in the context of the internationalization of China’s education. The internationalization of education is an inevitable product of economic globalization. With the rapid development of economic globalization today, the transnational and cross-regional flow of human resources and material resources around the world has become the new normal. This flow of resources has now penetrated into the field of education, including the spontaneous flow of educational elements internationally, the spontaneous search for optimal allocation of educational resources, the increasingly frequent educational exchanges among countries around the world, and the more intense competition, forming an internationalized education system. major trend.
从各国的教育国际化实践来看，教育要素在国际间的流动，最早始于各国高等教育之间，并由此波及中等教育、基础教育、职业教育等领域。教育领域的「人力资源」流动就是教师和学生的流动，「物质资源」流动就是教学资源的流动，比如课程、教材、课件等。
From the perspective of the internationalization of education in various countries, the international flow of educational elements first started between higher education in various countries, and thus spread to secondary education, basic education, vocational education and other fields. The flow of “human resources” in the field of education is the flow of teachers and students, and the flow of “material resources” is the flow of teaching resources, such as courses, textbooks, and courseware.
通过教育国际化进行资源重新配置的方式很多，比如，出国留学与来华留学、访学游学与国际会议、合作研究与联合培养、结成友好学校等，这些途径为教育国际化搭建了平台，为国际教育要素的流动提供了载体。
There are many ways to reallocate resources through the internationalization of education, such as studying abroad and studying in China, studying abroad and international conferences, cooperative research and joint training, forming friendship schools, etc. These ways have built a platform for the internationalization of education. It provides a carrier for the flow of international education elements.
在国家的重视和中国各大高等院校的共同努力下，来华留学整体形成规模，但发展依然是不平衡的，结构仍然有待于优化，来华留学生奖学金名额有待增加、质量有待提高，来源地和就读专业有待多元化。
With the attention of the state and the joint efforts of major universities in China, the overall scale of studying in China has formed, but the development is still unbalanced, the structure still needs to be optimized, the number of scholarships for international students in China needs to be increased, and the quality needs to be improved. The location and major of study need to be diversified.